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Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In contrast, a ketogenic diet decreases glucose tolerance, increases skeletal muscle PDK4, and reduces AMPK and GLUT4 levels. By week 4, the ketogenic diet reduces fasting glucose and increases apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, and postprandial glycerol concentrations. However, despite sustained ketosis, these effects are no longer apparent by week 12, when gut microbial beta diversity is altered, possibly reflective of longer-term adjustments to the ketogenic diet and/or energy balance. These data demonstrate that restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates reduces energy intake without altering physical activity, but with divergent effects on glucose tolerance, lipoprotein profiles, and gut microbiome.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101667

Type

Journal article

Journal

Cell Rep Med

Publication Date

20/08/2024

Volume

5

Keywords

body fat, diet, energy balance, energy intake, ketogenic, lipoprotein, low carbohydrate, metabolism, physical activity, sugar, Diet, Ketogenic, Humans, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Lipid Metabolism, Male, Adult, Female, Phenotype, Energy Metabolism, Blood Glucose, Middle Aged