Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Ng M., Fleming T., Robinson M., Thomson B., Graetz N., Margono C., Mullany EC., Biryukov S., Abbafati C., Abera SF., Abraham JP., Abu-Rmeileh NM., Achoki T., AlBuhairan FS., Alemu ZA., Alfonso R., Ali MK., Ali R., Guzman NA., Ammar W., Anwari P., Banerjee A., Barquera S., Basu S., Bennett DA., Bhutta Z., Blore J., Cabral N., Nonato IC., Chang JC., Chowdhury R., Courville KJ., Criqui MH., Cundiff DK., Dabhadkar KC., Dandona L., Davis A., Dayama A., Dharmaratne SD., Ding EL., Durrani AM., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Fay DF., Feigin VL., Flaxman A., Forouzanfar MH., Goto A., Green MA., Gupta R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hankey GJ., Harewood HC., Havmoeller R., Hay S., Hernandez L., Husseini A., Idrisov BT., Ikeda N., Islami F., Jahangir E., Jassal SK., Jee SH., Jeffreys M., Jonas JB., Kabagambe EK., Khalifa SE., Kengne AP., Khader YS., Khang YH., Kim D., Kimokoti RW., Kinge JM., Kokubo Y., Kosen S., Kwan G., Lai T., Leinsalu M., Li Y., Liang X., Liu S., Logroscino G., Lotufo PA., Lu Y., Ma J., Mainoo NK., Mensah GA., Merriman TR., Mokdad AH., Moschandreas J., Naghavi M., Naheed A., Nand D., Narayan KM., Nelson EL., Neuhouser ML., Nisar MI., Ohkubo T., Oti SO., Pedroza A., Prabhakaran D., Roy N., Sampson U., Seo H., Sepanlou SG., Shibuya K., Shiri R., Shiue I., Singh GM., Singh JA., Skirbekk V., Stapelberg NJ., Sturua L., Sykes BL., Tobias M., Tran BX., Trasande L., Toyoshima H., van de Vijver S., Vasankari TJ., Veerman JL., Velasquez-Melendez G., Vlassov VV., Vollset SE., Vos T., Wang C., Wang X., Weiderpass E., Werdecker A., Wright JL., Yang YC., Yatsuya H., Yoon J., Yoon SJ., Zhao Y., Zhou M., Zhu S., Lopez AD., Murray CJ., Gakidou E.
In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3·4 million deaths, 3·9% of years of life lost, and 3·8% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparable, up-to-date information about levels and trends is essential to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision makers to prioritise action. We estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013.We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. We used mixed effects linear regression to correct for bias in self-reports. We obtained data for prevalence of obesity and overweight by age, sex, country, and year (n=19,244) with a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).Worldwide, the proportion of adults with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28·8% (95% UI 28·4-29·3) to 36·9% (36·3-37·4) in men, and from 29·8% (29·3-30·2) to 38·0% (37·5-38·5) in women. Prevalence has increased substantially in children and adolescents in developed countries; 23·8% (22·9-24·7) of boys and 22·6% (21·7-23·6) of girls were overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased in children and adolescents in developing countries, from 8·1% (7·7-8·6) to 12·9% (12·3-13·5) in 2013 for boys and from 8·4% (8·1-8·8) to 13·4% (13·0-13·9) in girls. In adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeded 50% in men in Tonga and in women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has slowed down.Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Not only is obesity increasing, but no national success stories have been reported in the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is needed to help countries to more effectively intervene.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.