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Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) occupies a pivotal role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Major loci for plasma ACE have been identified at ACE on Chromosome 17 and at ABO on Chromosome 9. We sought to characterise the genetic architecture of plasma ACE at finer resolution in two populations. We carried out a GWAS in 1810 individuals of Japanese ethnicity; this identified signals at ACE and ABO that together accounted for nearly half of the population variability of the trait. We conducted measured haplotype analysis at the ABO locus in 1425 members of 248 British families using haplotypes of three SNPs, which together tagged the alleles responsible for the principal blood group antigens A1, A2, B and O. Type O alleles were associated with intermediate plasma ACE activity compared to Type A1 alleles (in whom plasma ACE activity was ∼36% lower) and Type B alleles (in whom plasma ACE activity was ∼36% higher). We demonstrated heterogeneity among A alleles: A2 alleles were associated with plasma ACE activity that was very similar to the O alleles. Variation at ACE accounted for 35% of the trait variance, and variation at ABO accounted for 15%. A further 10% could be ascribed to polygenic effects.

Original publication

DOI

10.1111/ahg.12034

Type

Journal article

Journal

Ann Hum Genet

Publication Date

11/2013

Volume

77

Pages

465 - 471

Keywords

ABO blood group, QTL, angiotensin‐I converting enzyme, genome wide association study, ABO Blood-Group System, Alleles, Enzyme Activation, European Continental Ancestry Group, Gene Frequency, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Heterogeneity, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Japan, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci